EPPO Standards on Phytosanitary Measures - Safe use of biological control
List of biological control agents widely used in the EPPO region [PM 6/3(2)]
Specific scope This standard gives a list of biological agents widely used in the EPPO region, to facilitate decisions on the import and release of biological control agents within EPPO countries. |
Specific approval and amendment First approved in September 2001. Revisions of the list are not subject to approval by EPPO Council, but are decided by the Panel on Safe Use of Biological Control. Last revision in 2002-03. |
Introduction
EPPO Standards PM 6/1 and PM 6/2 provide guidelines to national authorities in the EPPO region on the introduction and release of exotic biological control agents, so as to identify and avoid hazards for agricultural and natural ecosystems. These standards are intended to be used in relation to future introductions but not retrospectively for past introductions. There is extensive previous knowledge and experience of the use of introduced biological control agents in a number of countries in the EPPO region, sufficient to indicate the absence of significant risks, or the availability of reliable risk management measures, for many individual organisms.
List of biological control agents
This list accordingly specifies indigenous, introduced and established biological control agents* which are recognized by the EPPO Panel on Safe Use of Biological Control to have been widely used in several EPPO countries. Other EPPO countries may therefore presume with some confidence that these agents can be introduced and used safely. They may, according to their judgement, dispense with, or simplify, the notification procedures proposed in the EPPO Standards PM6/1 and PM6/2.
The agents are listed on the basis of an expert judgement of available information. These are related to certain broad criteria, which are flexibly applied:
| 1) | successful classical biological control agent, or | |
| 2) | biological control agent which is (or has been) commercially available and is either indigenous and widespread in the EPPO region, or established and widespread in the EPPO region, or has been used for at least 5 years in at least 5 EPPO countries (exceptionally less, if crops are grown in few countries). |
Microorganisms used for biological control are not considered (since these are covered by EU Directive 91/414 or equivalent regulations in most EPPO countries). The absence of a given organism from the list does not mean that it is considered unsafe, but only that it has not yet been studied, that there are uncertainties that justify further study, or else that its use is too recent for it to be included in this list. The list (drawn up in English) is updated annually.
It is divided into two parts:
1) Commercially used biological control agents (Appendix I). Further details are given for each agent on its name, common synonyms, taxonomic classification, the pests against which it is mostly targeted, its origin, the date of first use as a commercial agent. Countries where it is or has been used in the EPPO region are listed, on the basis of information provided by the industry and by some EPPO countries. This information was not available from all EPPO countries and may therefore be incomplete. Each agent has been used commercially at some time in the countries listed, but in some cases may no longer be commercially available or used there. Information is also given, when available, on natural distribution of the agent in the EPPO region, whether it is used in the field or under protected conditions. Additional remarks are appended when needed.
2) Successfully introduced classical biological control agents (Appendix II). Further details are given for each agent on its name, common synonyms, taxonomic classification, the pest(s) against which it has been used, date of first use, whether the agent was introduced as single or multiple introductions, and the origin of the collected material. Countries where the agent has been introduced for classical biological control in the EPPO region are listed. The presence of an agent on the list means that it has been used successfully in at least one of the countries mentioned. The result of the introduction is given, when available, as follows: [C] complete, [S] substantial, [P] partial, [E] established but not contributing to control or status unknown, [F] failed to become established; [N] no information on the outcome; [T] established but believed to have died out. Asterisks (*) indicate cases where more than one organism contributed to the result. Information on countries and result of introduction are given on the basis of information provided by the BIOCAT database of CABI (data from 1997 and 2000) and by some EPPO countries. Countries are, as far as possible, listed in the chronological order of introduction of the agent for classical biological control. The list of countries indicates to a certain degree the area in which each organism is present and established in the EPPO region, to the extent that each successful introduction can be presumed to have involved establishment. However, organisms may already be indigenous in some parts of the EPPO region, or have spread from countries where they were introduced, or indeed have disappeared from countries where they were once established, so the true distribution is uncertain in many cases. In some cases, a general statement can be made about present distribution in the EPPO region and this has been added in italics at the end of the list of countries.
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* In relation to ISPM no. 3, this means biological control agents which either originate in the EPPO region (i.e. indigenous), or have been released into an ecosystem in the EPPO region where they did not exist previously (without necessarily establishing) (i.e. introduced) or are perpetuating themselves in the EPPO region after introduction for the foreseeable future (i.e. established).
LISTS - March 2002
APPENDIX I - Commercially used biological control agents
(click on names to obtain details)
INSECTAAdalia bipunctata
Chilocorus baileyii
Chilocorus bipustulatus
Chilocorus circumdatus
Chilocorus nigrita
Coccinella septempunctata
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Delphastus catalinae
Rhyzobius lophanthae
Rodolia cardinalis
Scymnus rubromaculatus
Stethorus punctillumAphidoletes aphidimyza
Episyrphus balteatus
Feltiella acarisugaAnthocoris nemoralis
Anthocoris nemorum
Macrolophus melanotoma
Orius albidipennis
Orius laevigatus
Orius majusculus
Picromerus bidens
Podisus maculiventrisAnagrus atomus
Anagyrus fusciventris
Anagyrus pseudococci
Aphelinus abdominalis
Aphidius colemani
Aphidius ervi
Aphidius matricariae
Aphytis diaspidis
Aphytis holoxanthus
Aphytis lingnanensis
Aphytis melinus
Aprostocetus hagenowii
Bracon hebetor
Cales noacki
Coccophagus lycimnia
Coccophagus rusti
Coccophagus scutellaris
Compariella bifasciata
Cotesia marginiventris
Dacnusa sibirica
Diglyphus isaea
Encarsia citrina
Encarsia formosa
Encyrtus infelix
Encyrtus lecaniorum
Eretmocerus eremicus
Eretmocerus mundus
Gyranusoidea litura
Hungariella peregrina
Hungariella pretiosa
Leptomastidea abnormis
Leptomastix dactylopii
Leptomastix epona
Lysiphlebus testaceipes
Metaphycus flavus
Metaphycus helvolus
Metaphycus lounsburyi
Metaphycus swirskii
Microterys flavus
Opius pallipes
Praon volucre
Pseudaphycus maculipennis
Scutellista cyanea
Thripobius semiluteus
Trichogramma brassicae
Trichogramma cacoeciae
Trichogramma dendrolimi
Trichogramma evanescensFranklinothrips megalops
Franklinothrips vespiformis
Karnyothrips melaleucus
ARACHNIDAAmblyseius barkeri
Amblyseius degenerans
Cheyletus eruditus
Hypoaspis aculeifer
Metaseiulus occidentalis
Neoseiulus californicus
Neoseiulus cucumeris
Phytoseiulus persimilis
Stratiolaelaps miles
Typhlodromus pyriHeterorhabditis bacteriophora
Heterorhabditis megidis
Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita
Steinernema carpocapsae
Steinernema feltiae
(click on names to obtain details)
INSECTAAdalia bipunctata
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Harmonia axyridis
Rhizophagus grandis
Rhyzobius forestieri
Rodolia cardinalis
Scymnus impexus
Scymnus reunioni
Serangium parcesetosumAgeniaspis citricola
Allotropa burrelli
Allotropa convexifrons
Amitus spiniferus
Anagyrus agraensis
Anagyrus fusciventris
Anaphes nitens
Aphelinus mali
Aphytis holoxanthus
Aphytis lepidosaphes
Aphytis lingnanensis
Aphytis melinus
Aphytis proclia
Archenomus orientalis
Cales noacki
Clausenia purpurea
Comperiella bifasciata
Encarsia berlesei
Encarsia elongata
Encarsia lahorensis
Encarsia perniciosi
Eretmocerus debachi
Lysiphlebus testaceipes
Metaphycus anneckei
Metaphycus flavus
Metaphycus helvolus
Metaphycus lounsburyi
Metaphycus swirskii
Neodryinus typhlocybae
Neodusmetia sangwani
Ooencyrtus kuvanae
Pseudaphycus malinus
Psyllaephagus pilosus
Psyttalia concolor
Pteroptrix smithi